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Similar syntax in both computer languages

This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages. All the operators listed exist in C++; the cavalcade "Included in C", states whether an operator is likewise present in C. Annotation that C does not support operator overloading.

When not overloaded, for the operators &&, ||, and , (the comma operator), there is a sequence indicate after the evaluation of the first operand.

C++ also contains the blazon conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast. The formatting of these operators means that their precedence level is unimportant.

Nearly of the operators available in C and C++ are also bachelor in other C-family languages such as C#, D, Java, Perl, and PHP with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics.

Table [edit]

For the purposes of these tables, a, b, and c stand for valid values (literals, values from variables, or return value), object names, or lvalues, as advisable. R, S and T stand for any type(due south), and K for a class type or enumerated type.

Arithmetic operators [edit]

All arithmetic operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.

Operator name		Syntax	C++ paradigm examples
Operator name		Syntax	Equally member of K	Outside form definitions
Addition		`a + b`	`R G :: operator + ( S b );`	`R operator + ( Thou a , Southward b );`
Subtraction		`a - b`	`R K :: operator - ( S b );`	`R operator - ( K a , Southward b );`
Unary plus (integer promotion)		`+a`	`R 1000 :: operator + ();`	`R operator + ( K a );`
Unary minus (additive inverse)		`-a`	`R Thou :: operator - ();`	`R operator - ( G a );`
Multiplication		`a * b`	`R One thousand :: operator * ( South b );`	`R operator * ( Chiliad a , S b );`
Division		`a / b`	`R K :: operator / ( Southward b );`	`R operator / ( One thousand a , S b );`
Modulo (integer residual)^[a]		`a % b`	`R 1000 :: operator % ( S b );`	`R operator % ( 1000 a , S b );`
Increase	Prefix	`++a`	`R & Yard :: operator ++ ();`	`R & operator ++ ( G & a );`
	Postfix	`a++`	`R Yard :: operator ++ ( int );`	`R operator ++ ( K & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a++`	Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate between prefix and postfix increment operators.
Decrement	Prefix	`--a`	`R & Chiliad :: operator -- ();`	`R & operator -- ( K & a );`
	Postfix	`a--`	`R K :: operator -- ( int );`	`R operator -- ( K & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a--`	Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate between prefix and postfix decrement operators.

Comparison operators/relational operators [edit]

All comparison operators can be overloaded in C++.

Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	Epitome examples
Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	As fellow member of 1000	Exterior class definitions
Equal to	`a == b`	Yes	`bool M :: operator == ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator == ( K const & a , S const & b );
Not equal to	`a != b` `a not_eq b` ^[b]	Yes	`bool 1000 :: operator != ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator != ( K const & a , S const & b );
Greater than	`a > b`	Yeah	`bool K :: operator > ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator > ( M const & a , Southward const & b );
Less than	`a < b`	Aye	`bool Yard :: operator < ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator < ( K const & a , S const & b );
Greater than or equal to	`a >= b`	Yep	`bool Grand :: operator >= ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator >= ( 1000 const & a , South const & b );
Less than or equal to	`a <= b`	Yes	`bool 1000 :: operator <= ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator <= ( Thousand const & a , S const & b );
Three-manner comparison^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	`auto K :: operator <=> ( const South & b );`	auto operator <=> ( const Thousand & a , const Southward & b );
Three-manner comparison^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	The operator has a total of 3 possible return types: `std::weak_ordering`, `std::strong_ordering` and `std::partial_ordering` to which they all are convertible to.

Logical operators [edit]

All logical operators exist in C and C++ and can exist overloaded in C++, albeit the overloading of the logical AND and logical OR is discouraged, considering as overloaded operators they behave as ordinary function calls, which ways that both of their operands are evaluated, and then they lose their well-used and expected short-circuit evaluation property.^[1]

Operator name	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Every bit member of M	Exterior class definitions
Logical negation (Non)	`!a` `not a` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator ! ();`	`bool operator ! ( One thousand a );`
Logical AND	`a && b` `a and b` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator && ( S b );`	`bool operator && ( Thou a , South b );`
Logical OR	`a \|\| b` `a or b` ^[b]	`bool G :: operator \|\| ( S b );`	`bool operator \|\| ( One thousand a , S b );`

Bitwise operators [edit]

All bitwise operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.

Operator proper name	Syntax	Prototype examples
Operator proper name	Syntax	Equally member of G	Outside class definitions
Bitwise Not	`~a` `compl a` ^[b]	`R K :: operator ~ ();`	`R operator ~ ( K a );`
Bitwise AND	`a & b` `a bitand b` ^[b]	`R Grand :: operator & ( Due south b );`	`R operator & ( K a , South b );`
Bitwise OR	`a \| b` `a bitor b` ^[b]	`R K :: operator \| ( Southward b );`	`R operator \| ( K a , Southward b );`
Bitwise XOR	`a ^ b` `a xor b` ^[b]	`R M :: operator ^ ( S b );`	`R operator ^ ( K a , Due south b );`
Bitwise left shift^[d]	`a << b`	`R Yard :: operator << ( South b );`	`R operator << ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise right shift^[d] ^[eastward]	`a >> b`	`R 1000 :: operator >> ( S b );`	`R operator >> ( K a , S b );`

Assignment operators [edit]

All assignment expressions exist in C and C++ and tin be overloaded in C++.

For the given operators the semantic of the built-in combined assignment expression a ⊚= b is equivalent to a = a ⊚ b, except that a is evaluated merely once.

Operator name	Syntax	C++ epitome examples
Operator name	Syntax	As member of Thousand	Outside class definitions
Directly assignment	`a = b`	`R & 1000 :: operator = ( Due south b );`	Due north/A
Add-on assignment	`a += b`	`R & Thou :: operator += ( S b );`	`R & operator += ( K & a , South b );`
Subtraction assignment	`a -= b`	`R & K :: operator -= ( Due south b );`	`R & operator -= ( G & a , South b );`
Multiplication assignment	`a *= b`	`R & K :: operator *= ( S b );`	`R & operator *= ( K & a , Southward b );`
Sectionalisation consignment	`a /= b`	`R & Thousand :: operator /= ( S b );`	`R & operator /= ( K & a , S b );`
Modulo assignment	`a %= b`	`R & Grand :: operator %= ( Due south b );`	`R & operator %= ( Thousand & a , S b );`
Bitwise AND assignment	`a &= b` `a and_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator &= ( South b );`	`R & operator &= ( G & a , S b );`
Bitwise OR consignment	`a \|= b` `a or_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator \|= ( S b );`	`R & operator \|= ( K & a , Due south b );`
Bitwise XOR assignment	`a ^= b` `a xor_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator ^= ( S b );`	`R & operator ^= ( Grand & a , Due south b );`
Bitwise left shift consignment	`a <<= b`	`R & Grand :: operator <<= ( S b );`	`R & operator <<= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise right shift assignment^[e]	`a >>= b`	`R & K :: operator >>= ( S b );`	`R & operator >>= ( K & a , S b );`

Fellow member and pointer operators [edit]

Operator proper noun	Syntax	Tin overload in C++	Included in C	C++ epitome examples
Operator proper noun	Syntax	Tin overload in C++	Included in C	Every bit member of Thou	Outside class definitions
Subscript	`a[b]`	Aye	Yes	`R & K :: operator []( South b );`	Due north/A
Indirection ("object pointed to by a")	`*a`	Yes	Aye	`R & G :: operator * ();`	`R & operator * ( K a );`
Accost-of ("address of a")	`&a`	Aye	Yes	`R * K :: operator & ();`	`R * operator & ( K a );`
Structure dereference ("fellow member b of object pointed to by a")	`a->b`	Yes	Yes	`R * One thousand :: operator -> ();` ^[f]	Northward/A
Structure reference ("member b of object a")	`a.b`	No	Yes	N/A
Member selected by pointer-to-member b of object pointed to by a ^[g]	`a->*b`	Yes	No	`R & One thousand :: operator ->* ( S b );`	`R & operator ->* ( One thousand a , S b );`
Fellow member of object a selected by pointer-to-member b	`a.*b`	No	No	N/A

Other operators [edit]

Operator proper noun	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	Prototype examples
Operator proper noun	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	As fellow member of K	Outside form definitions
Function phone call See Function object.	`a(a1, a2)`	Yeah	Yes	`R G::operator ()( South a , T b , ...);`	N/A
Comma	`a, b`	Yes	Yes	`R G :: operator ,( S b );`	`R operator ,( M a , South b );`
Ternary provisional	`a ? b : c`	No	Yes	Northward/A
Scope resolution	`a::b`	No	No	Northward/A
User-defined literals^[h] since C++11	`"a"_b`	Yep	No	North/A	`R operator "" _b ( T a )`
Sizeof	`sizeof(a)` ^[i] `sizeof(type)`	No	Aye	Northward/A
Size of parameter pack since C++xi	`sizeof...(Args)`	No	No	N/A
Alignof since C++11	`alignof(blazon)` or `_Alignof(type)` ^[j]	No	Yes	N/A
Type identification	`typeid(a)` `typeid(type)`	No	No	North/A
Conversion (C-mode cast)	`(type)a`	Yes	Yes	`K :: operator R ();` ^[3]	North/A
Conversion	`type(a)`	No	No	Note: behaves like const_cast/static_cast/reinterpret_cast^[4]
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	`K :: operator R ();` `explicit K :: operator R ();` since C++11	N/A
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	Annotation: for user-defined conversions, the render blazon implicitly and necessarily matches the operator proper noun.
dynamic cast conversion	`dynamic_cast<blazon>(a)`	No	No	N/A
const_cast conversion	`const_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	N/A
reinterpret_cast conversion	`reinterpret_cast<blazon>(a)`	No	No	N/A
Allocate storage	`new blazon`	Aye	No	`void * Chiliad :: operator new ( size_t x );`	`void * operator new ( size_t x );`
Allocate storage (array)	`new blazon [n]`	Yes	No	`void * Yard :: operator new []( size_t a );`	`void * operator new []( size_t a );`
Deallocate storage	`delete a`	Yes	No	`void Grand :: operator delete ( void * a );`	`void operator delete ( void * a );`
Deallocate storage (array)	`delete[] a`	Yes	No	`void K :: operator delete []( void * a );`	`void operator delete []( void * a );`
Exception check since C++11	`noexcept(a)`	No	No	N/A

Notes:

^ The modulus operator works just with integer operands, for floating indicate numbers a library function must be used instead (like fmod ).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^{due east} ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k Requires iso646.h in C. See C++ operator synonyms
^ About C++xx three-way comparison
^ ^a ^b In the context of iostreams, writers ofttimes will refer to << and >> every bit the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "get-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively.
^ ^a ^b According to the C99 standard, the correct shift of a negative number is implementation defined. Most implementations, e.g., the GCC,^[2] utilise an arithmetic shift (i.e., sign extension), but a logical shift is possible.
^ The return blazon of operator -> () must be a blazon for which the -> operation tin be practical, such as a pointer type. If x is of type C where C overloads operator -> () , x -> y gets expanded to x . operator -> () -> y .
^ Meyers, Scott (Oct 1999), "Implementing operator->* for Smart Pointers" (PDF), Dr. Dobb'due south Journal, Aristeia .
^ Near C++11 User-defined literals
^ The parentheses are non necessary when taking the size of a value, only when taking the size of a type. However, they are usually used regardless.
^ C++ defines alignof operator, whereas C defines _Alignof. Both operators have the same semantics.

Operator precedence [edit]

The following is a tabular array that lists the precedence and associativity of all the operators in the C and C++ languages. Operators are listed top to bottom, in descending precedence. Descending precedence refers to the priority of the group of operators and operands. Because an expression, an operator which is listed on some row volition be grouped prior to whatever operator that is listed on a row farther below it. Operators that are in the aforementioned cell (there may be several rows of operators listed in a jail cell) are grouped with the same precedence, in the given direction. An operator'southward precedence is unaffected by overloading.

The syntax of expressions in C and C++ is specified by a phrase structure grammar.^[5] The table given here has been inferred from the grammer.^{[ commendation needed ]} For the ISO C 1999 standard, section vi.five.6 annotation 71 states that the C grammer provided by the specification defines the precedence of the C operators, and also states that the operator precedence resulting from the grammar closely follows the specification's section ordering:

"The [C] syntax [i.east., grammar] specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the same as the order of the major subclauses of this subclause, highest precedence showtime."^[6]

A precedence table, while more often than not adequate, cannot resolve a few details. In particular, notation that the ternary operator allows any arbitrary expression every bit its heart operand, despite existence listed equally having higher precedence than the assignment and comma operators. Thus a ? b, c : d is interpreted as a ? (b, c) : d, and not equally the meaningless (a ? b), (c : d). So, the expression in the heart of the provisional operator (betwixt ? and : ) is parsed as if parenthesized. Also, note that the firsthand, unparenthesized result of a C bandage expression cannot be the operand of sizeof. Therefore, sizeof (int) * 10 is interpreted as (sizeof(int)) * ten and non sizeof ((int) * ten).

Precedence	Operator	Clarification	Associativity
1 highest	`::`	Scope resolution (C++ but)	None
2	`++`	Postfix increment	Left-to-right
	`--`	Postfix decrement
	`()`	Function call
	`[]`	Assortment subscripting
	`.`	Chemical element pick by reference
	`->`	Element selection through pointer
	`typeid()`	Run-time type information (C++ just) (see typeid)
	`const_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (see const_cast)
	`dynamic_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (see dynamic bandage)
	`reinterpret_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (see reinterpret_cast)
	`static_cast`	Type bandage (C++ only) (see static_cast)
3	`++`	Prefix increment	Correct-to-left
	`--`	Prefix decrement
	`+`	Unary plus
	`-`	Unary minus
	`!`	Logical Not
	`~`	Bitwise NOT (I'south Complement)
	`(type)`	Type cast
	`*`	Indirection (dereference)
	`&`	Address-of
	`sizeof`	Sizeof
	`_Alignof`	Alignment requirement (since C11)
	`new`, `new[]`	Dynamic memory allocation (C++ only)
	`delete`, `delete[]`	Dynamic memory deallocation (C++ only)
4	`.*`	Pointer to member (C++ but)	Left-to-right
4	`->*`	Pointer to member (C++ only)	Left-to-right
v	`*`	Multiplication	Left-to-right
	`/`	Segmentation
	`%`	Modulo (remainder)
6	`+`	Addition	Left-to-right
6	`-`	Subtraction	Left-to-right
seven	`<<`	Bitwise left shift	Left-to-right
seven	`>>`	Bitwise correct shift	Left-to-right
8	`<=>`	Three-way comparing (Introduced in C++20 - C++ but)	Left-to-right
ix	`<`	Less than	Left-to-right
	`<=`	Less than or equal to
	`>`	Greater than
	`>=`	Greater than or equal to
10	`==`	Equal to	Left-to-correct
10	`!=`	Non equal to	Left-to-correct
11	`&`	Bitwise AND	Left-to-right
12	`^`	Bitwise XOR (exclusive or)	Left-to-correct
xiii	`\|`	Bitwise OR (inclusive or)	Left-to-right
14	`&&`	Logical AND	Left-to-right
xv	`\|\|`	Logical OR	Left-to-correct
xvi	`?:`	Ternary provisional (see ?:)	Right-to-left
	`=`	Direct assignment
	`+=`	Assignment by sum
	`-=`	Consignment by difference
	`*=`	Assignment by product
	`/=`	Assignment by quotient
	`%=`	Assignment by remainder
	`<<=`	Assignment by bitwise left shift
	`>>=`	Consignment by bitwise right shift
	`&=`	Consignment past bitwise AND
	`^=`	Assignment by bitwise XOR
	`\|=`	Consignment past bitwise OR
	`throw`	Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ only)
17 lowest	`,`	Comma	Left-to-right

^[7] ^[8] ^[9]

Notes [edit]

The precedence tabular array determines the gild of binding in chained expressions, when information technology is not expressly specified past parentheses.

For instance, ++10*iii is ambiguous without some precedence rule(southward). The precedence table tells us that: x is 'jump' more than tightly to ++ than to *, and so that any ++ does (now or later—see beneath), it does it But to ten (and non to x*iii); it is equivalent to (++ten, x*3).
Similarly, with 3*ten++, where though the mail service-ready ++ is designed to act After the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence table makes it clear that ONLY x gets incremented (and Non iii*x). In fact, the expression (tmp=ten++, three*tmp) is evaluated with tmp beingness a temporary value. Information technology is functionally equivalent to something like (tmp=3*10, ++x, tmp).

Abstracting the issue of precedence or bounden, consider the diagram higher up for the expression three+2*y[i]++. The compiler'southward job is to resolve the diagram into an expression, ane in which several unary operators (call them 3+( . ), 2*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )[ i ]) are competing to demark to y. The order of precedence tabular array resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )[ i ] acts only on y, ( . )++ acts only on y[i], ii*( . ) acts only on y[i]++ and three+( . ) acts 'only' on 2*((y[i])++). It is important to note that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is clear from the precedence table merely WHEN each operator acts is not resolved past the precedence table; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts only on y[i] by the precedence rules but binding levels lone do not indicate the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts but subsequently y[i] is evaluated in the expression).

Many of the operators containing multi-character sequences are given "names" congenital from the operator name of each character. For example, += and -= are often called plus equal(s) and minus equal(south), instead of the more verbose "assignment past addition" and "consignment by subtraction". The binding of operators in C and C++ is specified (in the corresponding Standards) by a factored language grammar, rather than a precedence tabular array. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    conditional            -            expression

while in C++ it is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    assignment            -            expression

Hence, the expression:

is parsed differently in the ii languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is:

                        unary            -            expression                                    '='                                    assignment            -            expression

In C++, it is parsed every bit:

                        e                                    =                                    (            a                                    <                                    d                                    ?                                    a            ++                                    :                                    (            a                                    =                                    d            ))

which is a valid expression.^[ten] ^[11]

If you desire to use comma-as-operator within a single function argument, variable assignment, or other comma-separated list, you lot need to employ parentheses,^[12] ^[13] e.g.:

                        int                                    a                                    =                                    ane            ,                                    b                                    =                                    two            ,                                    weirdVariable                                    =                                    (            ++            a            ,                                    b            ),                                    d                                    =                                    4            ;

Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence [edit]

The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.^[14] Conceptually, & and | are arithmetics operators like * and +.

The expression a & b == 7 is syntactically parsed as a & ( b == 7 ) whereas the expression a + b == 7 is parsed every bit ( a + b ) == 7 . This requires parentheses to be used more frequently than they otherwise would.

Historically, at that place was no syntactic distinction between the bitwise and logical operators. In BCPL, B and early C, the operators && || didn't exist. Instead & | had different meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.eastward. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in if ( a == b & c ) {...} it behaved equally a logical operator, but in c = a & b it behaved as a bitwise i). It was retained then equally to go on backward compatibility with existing installations.^[15]

Moreover, in C++ (and after versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the iii-way comparing operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a unmarried chip (1 or 0) and as such do not properly belong in "bitwise" operations.

C++ operator synonyms [edit]

C++ defines^[16] certain keywords to act as aliases for a number of operators:

Keyword	Operator
`and`	`&&`
`and_eq`	`&=`
`bitand`	`&`
`bitor`	`\|`
`compl`	`~`
`not`	`!`
`not_eq`	`!=`
`or`	`\|\|`
`or_eq`	`\|=`
`xor`	`^`
`xor_eq`	`^=`

These tin be used exactly the same way as the punctuation symbols they supersede, as they are not the same operator under a different name, just rather simple token replacements for the name (grapheme cord) of the respective operator. This means that the expressions (a > 0 and not flag) and (a > 0 && !flag) have identical meanings. It as well means that, for example, the bitand keyword may be used to supervene upon not just the bitwise-and operator but also the accost-of operator, and information technology can even be used to specify reference types (e.g., int bitand ref = n). The ISO C specification makes assart for these keywords as preprocessor macros in the header file iso646.h. For compatibility with C, C++ provides the header ciso646, the inclusion of which has no consequence.

Meet likewise [edit]

Bitwise operations in C
Bit manipulation
Logical operator
Boolean algebra (logic)
Table of logic symbols
Digraphs and trigraphs in C and in C++

References [edit]

^ "Standard C++".
^ "Integers implementation", GCC 4.3.three, GNU .
^ "user-defined conversion". Retrieved 5 Apr 2020.
^ Explicit type conversion in C++
^ ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C. open-std.org – The C Standards Committee. 19 December 2011. p. 465.
^ the ISO C 1999 standard, section half dozen.v.6 note 71 (Technical report). ISO. 1999.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved xvi July 2019.
^ "C++ Built-in Operators, Precedence and Associativity". docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "C++ Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved ten April 2020.
^ "Does the C/C++ ternary operator actually have the same precedence as assignment operators?". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Other operators - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 April 2020.
^ "c++ - How does the Comma Operator work". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ C history § Neonatal C, Bell labs .
^ "Re^x: next unless condition". www.perlmonks.org . Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ ISO/IEC 14882:1998(Due east) Programming Language C++. open-std.org – The C++ Standards Committee. one September 1998. pp. xl–41.

External links [edit]

"Operators", C++ reference (wiki) .
C Operator Precedence
Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and -- (Developer network), Microsoft .

averysagand.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B